Down the generations, it has been a constant fixture on practically every classroom wall. But the traditional world map may be about to get an entirely new look.
The potential change follows a United Nations vote in favour of substituting the map we were all introduced to in childhood with one that shows Africa occupying rather more space than it currently does.
It has sparked a wave of diplomatic disagreement over whether this is a genuine attempt to give a more accurate picture – or just the latest example of politically motivated wokery.
The roots of the row date back quite some way – as far back as 1569, in fact – to Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator’s original design aimed at helping European explorers to plot their way across the oceans.
While Mercator’s blueprint proved to be an excellent navigational aid, it failed to fully reflect how the world looks.
It is essentially all down to the Earth being round. Put simply, the laws of geometry make it impossible to give a faithful representation of a globe on a two-dimensional chart.
In Mercator’s design, the planet’s curvature is accommodated by making the countries close to the Equator seem smaller than they are and those nearer the North Pole bigger.
The upshot is that the entire African continent is shown as being roughly the same size as Greenland – despite actually being around 14 times larger.
Some observers say Trump’s obsession with Greenland is at least partly inspired by his belief that it’s a much bigger country than it actually is
The flag of Greenland flies over the rugged terrain of the capital Nuuk
Nonetheless, the geometric quirks of the Mercator map were warmly embraced in Victorian Britain. With major territories such as Canada lying far to the north and highlighted in vibrant red or pink on the map, the result was to make the Empire look even more far-reaching than it was.
The positioning of Britain at the centre of the world – originally because of its seafaring dominance, but later also due to the establishment of the Greenwich Prime Meridian – added to the effect.
The doubts about Mercator’s work surfaced in the late 19th century, as maps and atlases became more widely available. At the same time, people were becoming more knowledgeable about global geography and the relative size of individual land masses.
But the beginnings of a backlash emerged in the 1970s as critics warned that both the development needs and economic potential of Third World nations were being underestimated as a result of the map – which was even described as an act of ‘cartographic colonialism’.
Fast forward to the early days of this century and the subject began featuring in mainstream television drama. In a 2001 episode of The West Wing – the NBC series based on the US presidency – a representative of the fictional Organization of Cartographers for Social Equality had a meeting with presidential press secretary CJ Cregg (played by Allison Janney).
According to a West Wing fan site, the group ‘felt strongly that traditional Mercator maps gave undue focus on the nations and people of the northern hemisphere’.
Nor does the White House connection end there. Some observers say Donald Trump’s obsession with Greenland, understood to be largely based on its strategic military location, is at least partly inspired by his belief that it’s a much bigger country than it actually is.
By 2018, a group of cartographers had produced a new map called the Equal Earth projection – which has since been used by Nasa. It was adopted in February this year by the 54 member states of the African Union on the grounds that it ‘more accurately represents the sizes of all continents, particularly Africa’.
Greenland and Antarctica are smaller than Africa, but the the centuries-old Mercator map shows them to be unrealistically larger
The UN has voted to replace the Mercator map with the Equal Earth projection
According to the Correct The Map campaign – set up by African lobby groups in favour of the Equal Earth model – it would be possible to ‘fit the United States, China, India, Japan, Mexico and much of Europe into Africa and still have land to spare’.
Yet while the campaign warns that ‘we have based our understanding of Africa, and the world, on a map that is wrong’ for more than four centuries, there is also a strong political undertone. ‘The Mercator map isn’t just about misrepresenting the size of the global south, it’s about power and perception,’ it says.
According to Lerato Mogoatlhe – from Africa No Filter, one of the groups involved – the campaign is part of a drive to stop the ‘world’s longest misinformation and disinformation’ about Africa.
She told the BBC: ‘Africa’s misrepresentation on world maps is not just a cartographic error, it’s a narrative issue.’
Kenyan geographer Kioko Muendo agrees: ‘Maps are more than just guides for travellers, they shape how regions are perceived politically and economically.’
At a meeting of the UN General Assembly in New York on September 4, member nations debated whether to adopt a Correct The Map resolution which described dropping the Mercator design as an act of ‘cognitive justice and memorial reparation’. Togo’s foreign minister Robert Dussey was one of the diplomats who argued for the change.
‘A fair world begins with a fair map,’ he said. ‘A map is never neutral. It shapes perceptions, influences how the place of peoples and continents in the world is understood.’
But US representative Yaryna Ferencevych was having none of it. In a damning volley of remarks, she told the hearing: ‘Instead of focusing on genuine problems of international peace, prosperity or good relations, this body is debating map projects from the 16th century and their role in promoting reparations and “cognitive justice”’.
Describing it as part of ‘a much larger and more radical ideological project’, she said: ‘This resolution mocks the work and purpose of this institution.’
Ms Ferencevych, a member of the US Senior Foreign Service, who has previously been posted to embassies in Afghanistan, Iraq and the UK, added: ‘Resolutions like this and the ideological agenda they promote are like barnacles on our work here.’
Despite her reservations, the motion was carried by a wide margin, with the UK among the 164 member states voting in support, while six abstained and one – America – voted against.
In a statement published on its website after the result was declared, the UN said: ‘The resolution does not ban the Mercator projection or impose a replacement. Instead it encourages governments, schools, international organisations and technology companies to use the Equal Earth projection and other so-called equal-area maps when relative size matters, and teach the limitations of any flat map in representing a spherical planet.’
It added: ‘Behind that seemingly technical debate lies a larger argument about history and power: whether a map designed for European sailors in the 16th century has, over generations, distorted not only geography but perceptions of a whole, vast and complex continent.’
None of this will convince anyone at the Trump White House, of course. The maps on the wall of the Oval Office are unlikely to be changed any time soon.
And President Trump will presumably continue to believe that Greenland covers far more terrain than it actually does.
